WASHINGTON, DC – FEBRUARY 13: U.S. President Donald Trump and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi meet in the Oval Office at the White House on February 13, 2025 in Washington, DC.
Andrew Harnik | Getty Images News
The United States and India moved closer to a trade pact on Friday, releasing an interim framework that would lower tariffs, reshape energy ties and deepen economic cooperation as both countries seek to realign global supply chains.
The framework reaffirms a commitment to negotiations toward a broader bilateral trade agreement, the two governments said in a joint statement, while noting that further negotiations were needed to complete the pact.
Separately, U.S. President Donald Trump, in an executive order, removed the additional 25% tariff imposed on Indian goods for Russian oil purchases as New Delhi “committed to stop directly or indirectly importing” Russian oil.
However, U.S. officials will monitor and recommend reinstating the tariff if India resumes oil procurement from Russia, the order said, as Washington maintains pressure on India to restrict energy ties with Moscow.
The India-U.S. joint statement did not mention India’s Russian oil purchases or a formal pledge from India to confirm the move.
Trump announced a deal with India on Monday to cut U.S. tariffs on Indian goods to 18% from 50% in exchange for India halting purchases of Russian oil and lowering trade barriers.
Half of the 50% rate had been imposed separately by Trump as punishment for India’s purchases of Russian oil, which he said were fuelling Moscow’s war effort in Ukraine. Trump signed an executive order on Friday rescinding that 25% portion after India agreed this week to shift its oil buying to the U.S. and Venezuela.
However, the statement indicated that New Delhi resisted Washington’s push to broadly open its agricultural market.
Trade Minister Piyush Goyal said the agreement safeguards farmers’ interests and rural livelihoods by “completely protecting sensitive agricultural and dairy products.”
Imports of genetically modified agricultural products would not be directly allowed as there was no such provision in the pact, while fruits like apples would be allowed under a tariff quota, he said at a press briefing.
On Russian oil, Goyal declined to comment, saying the foreign ministry would respond.
India’s opposition Congress party, however, said the trade deal was concluded on U.S. terms and hurt farmers and traders, calling the pact a “complete surrender” of national interests.
New details on tariff reductions
Friday’s joint statement provides additional details compared with initial outlines of the trade deal revealed by Trump on Monday.
It confirms that India will purchase $500 billion in U.S. goods over a five-year period, including oil, gas, coking coal, aircraft and aircraft parts, precious metals, and technology products. The last category includes graphics processing units, typically used for AI applications, and other goods used in data centers.
It said India would eliminate or reduce tariffs on all U.S. industrial goods and a wide range of U.S. food and agricultural products, including dried distillers’ grains and red sorghum for animal feed, tree nuts, fresh and processed fruit, soybean oil, wine and spirits.
U.S. to keep 18% tariff
But the deal will apply an 18% tariff rate on most imports to the U.S. from India, including textiles and apparel, leather and footwear, plastic and rubber, organic chemicals, home decor, artisanal products and certain machinery.
India will get the same tariff relief granted to other allied countries that have signed trade deals with the United States on certain aircraft and aircraft parts, and will receive a quota for auto parts imports that will be subject to a lower tariff rate, according to the statement.
Depending on the results of the Trump administration’s tariff investigation into pharmaceuticals and their ingredients, “India will receive negotiated outcomes with respect to generic pharmaceuticals and ingredients,” the statement said.
Goyal hailed the framework agreement as opening a market worth $30 trillion — the U.S. annual GDP — to Indian exporters, especially farmers, fishermen, and micro, small, and medium enterprises.
Goyal had said on Thursday that Washington and New Delhi aimed to sign a formal trade agreement in March, after which India’s tariff cuts on U.S. exports would go into effect.
Accepting U.S. standards
India also agreed to address longstanding non-tariff barriers on imports of agricultural products, medical devices and communications gear, with negotiations to be completed within six months on an agreement to accept U.S. or international safety and licensing standards for product imports.
The U.S. affirmed that it intends to consider India’s requests for lower tariffs on Indian goods during further negotiations of the bilateral trade agreement. The two sides also agreed to cooperate on the enforcement of export controls on sensitive technologies and take actions to address “non-market policies of third parties,” a reference to China.
The United States and India have struggled for years to conclude a full trade deal, with disputes spanning agriculture, digital trade, medical devices and market access. But strategic concerns — including competition with China, supply-chain diversification and energy security — have injected new urgency into talks, officials in both countries say.
